<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">uprinmatus</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия Юго-Западного государственного университета. Серия: Управление, вычислительная техника, информатика. Медицинское приборостроение</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: IT Management, Computer Science, Computer Engineering. Medical Equipment Engineering</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2223-1536</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Юго-Западный государственный университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21869/2223-1536-2025-15-3-216-231</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">uprinmatus-358</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ В МЕДИЦИНСКИХ И ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМАХ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MODELING IN MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL SYSTEMS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Новые численные методы для решения модели SEIRD</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Novel numerical methods for solving the SEIRD model</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тарик</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tariq</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Таха Асраа Тарик Таха, аспирант кафедры математического и программного обеспечения информационных систем</p><p>ул. Победы, д. 85, г. Белгород 308015</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Taha A. T. T., Postgraduate of the Department of Mathematical and Software of Information Systems</p><p>85 Pobeda Str., Belgorod 308015</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">1591248@bsu.edu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8903-4690</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Константинов</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Konstantinov</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Игорь С. Константинов, доктор технических наук, профессор института информационных технологий и управляющих систем</p><p>ул. Костюкова, д. 46, г. Белгород 308012</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor Sergeyevich Konstantinov, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Professor at the Institute of Information Technologies and Control Systems</p><p>46 Kostyukova Str., Belgorod 308012</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">konstantinovi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4063-213X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маматов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mamatov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр В. Маматов, доктор технических наук, доцент, заведующий кафедрой информационных технологий</p><p>ул. Костюкова, д. 46, г. Белгород 308012</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mamatov Alexander Vasilievich, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Information Technologies</p><p>46 Kostyukova Str., Belgorod 308012</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">it@bstu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Белгородский национальный исследовательский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Belgorod National Research University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Белгородский государственный технологический университет им. В. Г. Шухова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Belgorod State Technological University named after V. G. Shukhov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>216</fpage><lpage>231</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Тарик Т.А., Константинов И.С., Маматов А.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тарик Т.А., Константинов И.С., Маматов А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tariq T.A., Konstantinov I.S., Mamatov A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://uprinmatus.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/358">https://uprinmatus.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/358</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Пандемия COVID-19 показала, что математическое моделирование приобрело важное значение в управлении инфекционными заболеваниями. Актуальность исследования заключается в понимании динамики распространения COVID-19 с помощью методов математического моделирования, которые играют ключевую роль в разработке стратегий контроля. Специфические для инфекции модели позволяют анализировать закономерности, прогнозировать траектории и оценивать эффект мер, включая карантин, социальное дистанцирование и вакцинацию.</p><p>Цель исследования – разработать и проанализировать усовершенствованную модель SEIRD с использованием гибридного численного метода, предназначенную для повышения точности прогнозирования возникновения и развития пандемических волн и оценки воздействия санитарных мер.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. Задачи исследований включают построение новой модели SEIRD как расширения классической модели SIR с добавлением дополнительных категорий: «Подверженные» (Exposed), «Выздоровевшие» (Recovered) и «Умершие» (Dead). Для реализации предложенных категорий были примененены методы: явный метод Эйлера, Рунге – Кутта четвёртого порядка и адаптивные схемы Рунге – Кутты для повышения надёжности. Методологически система SEIRD решается с помощью гибридной численной схемы, сочетающей преимущества классических и адаптивных методов, что позволило получить точные симуляции и произвести оценку влияния вмешательств.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Полученные результаты показали, что предложенная уточнённая модель SEIRD обеспечивает надёжные прогнозы возникновения и развития пандемических волн.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Анализ полученных результатов свидетельствует о том, что увеличение роста числа инфекций на 10% сигнализирует о начале новой волны, требующей корректировки параметров и оперативного реагирования служб общественного здравоохранения, а также реализации быстрых санитарно-эпидемиологических мер. Модель SEIRD с гибридными методами отражает динамику COVID-19, а также может быть адаптирована для моделирования будущих эпидемий.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The purpose of the research. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that mathematical modeling has become important in the management of infectious diseases. The relevance of the study lies in understanding the dynamics of the spread of COVID-19 using mathematical modeling methods that play a key role in developing control strategies. Infectionspecific models make it possible to analyze patterns, predict trajectories, and evaluate the effect of measures, including quarantine, social distancing, and vaccination.</p><p>The purpose of the research is to develop and analyze an improved SEIRD model using a hybrid numerical method designed to improve the accuracy of forecasting the occurrence and development of pandemic waves and assessing the impact of sanitary measures.</p><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. The research objectives include building a new SEIRD model as an extension of the classic SIR model with the addition of additional categories – "Exposed", "Recovered" and "Dead". To implement the proposed categories, the following methods were applied: explicit Euler method, fourth – order Runge – Kutta and adaptive Runge-Kutta schemes to increase reliability. Methodologically, the SEIRD system is solved using a hybrid numerical scheme combining the advantages of classical and adaptive methods, which made it possible to obtain accurate simulations and assess the impact of interventions.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The results showed that the proposed refined SEIRD model provides reliable forecasts of the occurrence and development of pandemic waves.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. An analysis of the results shows that a 10% increase in the number of infections signals the beginning of a new wave that requires adjustments to the parameters and rapid response of public health services, as well as the implementation of rapid sanitary and epidemiological measures. The SEIRD model with hybrid methods reflects the dynamics of COVID-19, and can also be adapted to model future epidemics.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>модель SEIRD</kwd><kwd>гибридные численные методы</kwd><kwd>эпидемиологическое моделирование</kwd><kwd>динамика COVID-19</kwd><kwd>прогностическая эпидемиология</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>SEIRD model</kwd><kwd>hybrid numerical methods</kwd><kwd>epidemic modeling</kwd><kwd>COVID-19 dynamics</kwd><kwd>predictive epidemiology</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Y., Xiong J., Mao N. Epidemic model of Covid-19 with public health interventions consideration: a review. Authorea. Available at: https://authorea.com/users/623464/articles/646186-epidemicmodel-of-covid-19-with-public-health-interventions-consideration-areview2023 (accessed 11.06.2025). https://doi.оrg/10.22541/au.168539048.84429551/v1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Y., Xiong J., Mao N. Epidemic model of Covid-19 with public health interventions consideration: a review. Authorea. Available at: https://authorea.com/users/623464/articles/646186-epidemicmodel-of-covid-19-with-public-health-interventions-consideration-areview2023 (accessed 11.06.2025). https://doi.оrg/10.22541/au.168539048.84429551/v1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kermack W., McKendrick A. A contribution to the mathematical theory of epidemics. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character. 1927;115(772):700–721. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1927.0118(1927)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kermack W., McKendrick A. A contribution to the mathematical theory of epidemics. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character. 1927;115(772):700–721. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1927.0118(1927)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahmad H.G., Eguda F.Y., Lawan B.M., Andrawus J., Babura B.I. Basic reproduction number and sensitivity analysis of Legionnaires’ disease model. Gadau Journal of Pure and Allied Sciences. 2023;2(1):1–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahmad H.G., Eguda F.Y., Lawan B.M., Andrawus J., Babura B.I. Basic reproduction number and sensitivity analysis of Legionnaires’ disease model. Gadau Journal of Pure and Allied Sciences. 2023;2(1):1–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harrington W.N., Kackos C.M., Webby R.J. The evolution and future of influenza pandemic preparedness. Experimental &amp; Molecular Medicine. 2021;53(5):737–749. https://doi.оrg/10.1038/s12276-021-00603-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harrington W.N., Kackos C.M., Webby R.J. The evolution and future of influenza pandemic preparedness. Experimental &amp; Molecular Medicine. 2021;53(5):737–749. https://doi.оrg/10.1038/s12276-021-00603-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al-Saedi H.M., Hameed H.H. Mathematical modeling for COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq. Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics. 2021;24(5):1407–27.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Saedi H.M., Hameed H.H. Mathematical modeling for COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq. Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics. 2021;24(5):1407–27.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deeb M. Role of Mathematical Models in Epidemiology. Tishreen University JournalBasic Sciences Series. 2018;40(1):1–13</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deeb M. Role of Mathematical Models in Epidemiology. Tishreen University JournalBasic Sciences Series. 2018;40(1):1–13</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fraser C., Riley S., Anderson R.M., Ferguson N.M. Factors that make an infectious disease outbreak controllable. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2014;101(16):6146–51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fraser C., Riley S., Anderson R.M., Ferguson N.M. Factors that make an infectious disease outbreak controllable. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2014;101(16):6146–51.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Konstantinov I.S., Taha A.T.T. Mathematical analysis of SIR model with incubation period. Research Result. Information Technologies. 2024;9(3):3–9. https://doi.оrg/10.18413/2518-1092-2024-9-3-0-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konstantinov I.S., Taha A.T.T. Mathematical analysis of SIR model with incubation period. Research Result. Information Technologies. 2024;9(3):3–9. https://doi.оrg/10.18413/2518-1092-2024-9-3-0-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brauer F., Castillo-Chavez C., Feng Z. Mathematical Models in Epidemiology. In: Texts in Applied Mathematics. Vol. 69. Springer; 2019. 619 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brauer F., Castillo-Chavez C., Feng Z. Mathematical Models in Epidemiology. In: Texts in Applied Mathematics. Vol. 69. Springer; 2019. 619 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keeling M.J., Rohani P. Modeling Infectious Diseases in Humans and Animals: Past, Present, and Future. Journal of Mathematical Biology. 2018;77(1):1–15. https://doi.оrg/ 10.1007/s00285-018-1235-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keeling M.J., Rohani P. Modeling Infectious Diseases in Humans and Animals: Past, Present, and Future. Journal of Mathematical Biology. 2018;77(1):1–15. https://doi.оrg/ 10.1007/s00285-018-1235-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Youssef H.M., Alghamdi N.A., Ezzat M.A., El-Bary A.A., Shawky A.M. A new dynamical modeling SEIR with global analysis applied to the real data of spreading COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering. 2020;17(6):7018–7044. https://doi.оrg/10.3934/mbe.2020362</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Youssef H.M., Alghamdi N.A., Ezzat M.A., El-Bary A.A., Shawky A.M. A new dynamical modeling SEIR with global analysis applied to the real data of spreading COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering. 2020;17(6):7018–7044. https://doi.оrg/10.3934/mbe.2020362</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chapra S.C. Applied Numerical Methods with MATLAB for Engineers and Scientists. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2018. 697 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chapra S.C. Applied Numerical Methods with MATLAB for Engineers and Scientists. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2018. 697 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schäfer M. Epidemiological Modelling of the Spread and Transmission of Infectious Diseases. Universität Koblenz; 2023. 256 p. (In German)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schäfer M. Epidemiological Modelling of the Spread and Transmission of Infectious Diseases. Universität Koblenz; 2023. 256 p. (In German)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zeb A., Khan M., Zaman G., Momani S., Ertürk V.S. Comparison of numerical methods of the SEIR epidemic model of fractional order. Journal of Natural History A. 2014;69(1–2):81–9. (In German)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zeb A., Khan M., Zaman G., Momani S., Ertürk V.S. Comparison of numerical methods of the SEIR epidemic model of fractional order. Journal of Natural History A. 2014;69(1–2):81–9. (In German)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nitzsche C., Simm S. Agent-based modeling to estimate the impact of lockdown scenarios and events on a pandemic exemplified on SARS-CoV-2. Scientific Reports. 2024;14:13391. https://doi.оrg/10.1038/s41598-024-63795-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nitzsche C., Simm S. Agent-based modeling to estimate the impact of lockdown scenarios and events on a pandemic exemplified on SARS-CoV-2. Scientific Reports. 2024;14:13391. https://doi.оrg/10.1038/s41598-024-63795-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agha H.R., Taha A.T. Methods of the epidemics spread mathematical modeling. Research Result. Information Technologies. 2022;7(4):25–33. https://doi.org/10.18413/2518-1092-2022-7-4-0-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agha H.R., Taha A.T. Methods of the epidemics spread mathematical modeling. Research Result. Information Technologies. 2022;7(4):25–33. https://doi.org/10.18413/2518-1092-2022-7-4-0-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taha A.T.T. Modeling COVID-19 spreading protocol. Information Systems and Technologies. 2025;2(148):48–59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taha A.T.T. Modeling COVID-19 spreading protocol. Information Systems and Technologies. 2025;2(148):48–59.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taha A.T.T., Konstantinov I.S. Analyzing pandemic dynamics through traveling waves: A mathematical model. Izvestiya Yugo-Zapadnogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija: Upravlenie, vychislitelnaja tekhnika, informatika. Meditsinskoe priborostroenie = Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: Control, Computer Engineering, Information Science. Medical Instruments Engineering. 2025;15(1):170–179. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21869/2223-1536-2025-15-1-170-179</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taha A.T.T., Konstantinov I.S. Analyzing pandemic dynamics through traveling waves: A mathematical model. Izvestiya Yugo-Zapadnogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija: Upravlenie, vychislitelnaja tekhnika, informatika. Meditsinskoe priborostroenie = Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: Control, Computer Engineering, Information Science. Medical Instruments Engineering. 2025;15(1):170–179. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21869/2223-1536-2025-15-1-170-179</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karimi R., Farrokhi M., Izadi N., et al. Basic Reproduction Number (R0), Doubling Time, and Daily Growth Rate of the COVID-19 Epidemic: An Ecological Study. Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine. 2024;12(1):e66. https://doi.org/10.22037/aaem.v12i1.2376</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karimi R., Farrokhi M., Izadi N., et al. Basic Reproduction Number (R0), Doubling Time, and Daily Growth Rate of the COVID-19 Epidemic: An Ecological Study. Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine. 2024;12(1):e66. https://doi.org/10.22037/aaem.v12i1.2376</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yousif R., Jarad F., Abdeljawad T., Awrejcewicz J. Fractional-Order SEIRD Model for Global COVID-19. Mathematics. 2023;11(4):1036. https://doi.org/10.3390/math11041036</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yousif R., Jarad F., Abdeljawad T., Awrejcewicz J. Fractional-Order SEIRD Model for Global COVID-19. Mathematics. 2023;11(4):1036. https://doi.org/10.3390/math11041036</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
