<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">uprinmatus</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия Юго-Западного государственного университета. Серия: Управление, вычислительная техника, информатика. Медицинское приборостроение</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: IT Management, Computer Science, Computer Engineering. Medical Equipment Engineering</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2223-1536</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Юго-Западный государственный университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21869/2223-1536-2024-14-3-104-120</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">uprinmatus-207</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РАСПОЗНАВАНИЕ И ОБРАБОТКА ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>IMAGE RECOGNITION AND PROCESSING</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Анализ эффективности применения архитектуры U-net  для классификации и сегментации глиомы на МРТ-снимках</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Analysis of the effectiveness of using U-net architecture for classification and segmentation of glioma in MRI images</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7228-0281</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киселев</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiselev</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Киселев Алексей Викторович, кандидат  технических наук, доцент кафедры  вычислительной техники</p><p>ул. 50 лет Октября, д. 94, г. Курск 305040</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey V. Kiselev, Candidate of Sciences  (Engineering), Associate Professor of the Department of Computer Engineering</p><p>50 Let Oktyabrya Str. 94, Kursk 305040</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kiselevalexey1990@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8270-564X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулешова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuleshova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кулешова Елена Александровна, кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры  информационной безопасности</p><p>ул. 50 лет Октября, д. 94, г. Курск 305040</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena A. Kuleshova, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Associate Professor of the Department of Information Security</p><p>50 Let Oktyabrya Str. 94, Kursk 305040</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lena.kuleshova.94@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4099-1414</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Таныгин</surname><given-names>М. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tanygin</surname><given-names>M. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Таныгин Максим Олегович, доктор  технических наук, доцент, профессор  кафедры информационной безопасности</p><p>ул. 50 лет Октября, д. 94, г. Курск 305040</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maxim O. Tanygin, Doctor of Sciences  (Engineering), Associate Professor, Professor  of the Department of Information Security</p><p>50 Let Oktyabrya Str. 94, Kursk 305040</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tanygin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4102-0005</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дерябин</surname><given-names>Д. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Deryabin</surname><given-names>D. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дерябин Денис Романович, студент кафедры вычислительной техники</p><p>ул. 50 лет Октября, д. 94, г. Курск 305040</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Denis R. Deryabin, Student of the Department  of Computer Engineering</p><p>50 Let Oktyabrya Str. 94, Kursk 305040</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vt.swsu@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1205-2139</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Халин</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khalin</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Халин Игорь Алексеевич, аспирант кафедры биомедицинской инженерии</p><p>ул. 50 лет Октября, д. 94, г. Курск 305040</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor A. Khalin, Post-Graduate Student  of the Department of Biomedical  Engineering</p><p>50 Let Oktyabrya Str. 94, Kursk 305040</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yur-khalin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Юго-Западный государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Southwest State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>104</fpage><lpage>120</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Киселев А.В., Кулешова Е.А., Таныгин М.О., Дерябин Д.Р., Халин И.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Киселев А.В., Кулешова Е.А., Таныгин М.О., Дерябин Д.Р., Халин И.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kiselev A.V., Kuleshova E.A., Tanygin M.O., Deryabin D.R., Khalin I.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://uprinmatus.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/207">https://uprinmatus.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/207</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования – анализ эффективности применения нейросетевой архитектуры U-net в системах поддержки принятия врачебных решений для диагностики глиомы, а также сегментации пораженных ею областей головного мозга на МРТ-снимках.</p><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. Для проведения экспериментальных исследований был сформирован набор данных для обучения и проведена нормализация данных. Выполнена программная реализация нейросетевой архитектуры U-Net с применением фреймворка Keras на языке программирования Python. Проведено обучение нейросетевой модели.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Проведен ряд экспериментов, в ходе которых были получены матрицы ошибок и классификации, проведена оценка эффективности классификации, обученной нейросетевой модели по классам «Опухоль» и «Без опухоли» с помощью таких метрик, как Recall, Precision и F1-мера, проведена оценка качества сегментации пораженных глиомой областей на тестовом наборе данных. Качество сегментации оценивалось с использованием метрики IoU, отражающей отношения площадей ограничительных рамок и применяемой для оценки точности пространственного соответствия предсказанных сегментированных областей, выделенных на масках. Исходя из результатов тестирования нейросетевой модели при решении задачи сегментации областей головного мозга, пораженных глиомой, было получено среднее значение метрики IoU, равное 0,812, что является приемлемым результатом.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Результаты тестирования показали, что нейросетевая модель на основе архитектуры  U-net способна эффективно диагностировать наличие глиомы с приемлемыми значениями метрик качества классификации и сегментации, что указывает на возможность применения данной нейросетевой модели в системах поддержки принятия врачебных решений для диагностики глиомы, а также ее сегментации на МРТ-снимках. Однако целесообразной является доработка данной нейросетевой модели для уменьшения числа ложноотрицательных результатов классификации, что является критически важным в медицинской диагностике.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The purpose of the research  is to analyze the efficiency of the U-net neural network architecture in decision support systems for glioma diagnostics and segmentation of brain areas affected by it on MRI images.</p><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. To conduct experimental studies, a training dataset was generated and the data was normalized. A software implementation of the U-Net neural network architecture was performed using the Keras framework in the Python programming language. The neural network model was trained.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. A series of experiments were conducted, during which error and classification matrices were obtained, the efficiency of classification of the trained neural network model for the "Tumor" and "No tumor" classes was assessed using metrics such as Recall, Precision and F1-measure, and the quality of segmentation of glioma-affected areas on the test data set was assessed. The quality of segmentation was assessed using the IoU metric, which reflects the ratio of the areas of the bounding boxes and is used to assess the accuracy of the spatial correspondence of the predicted segmented areas highlighted on the masks. Based on the results of testing the neural network model in solving the problem of segmenting brain areas affected by glioma, the average value of the IoU metric was 0.812, which is an acceptable result.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The testing results showed that the neural network model based on the U-net architecture is able to effectively diagnose the presence of glioma with acceptable values of the classification and segmentation quality metrics, which indicates the possibility of using this neural network model in medical decision support systems for glioma diagnostics, as well as its segmentation on MRI images. However, it is advisable to refine this neural network model to reduce the number of false negative classification results, which is critically important in medical diagnostics.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>глиома</kwd><kwd>МРТ-снимки</kwd><kwd>нейросетевая модель</kwd><kwd>нейросетевая архитектура</kwd><kwd>U-net</kwd><kwd>классификация</kwd><kwd>сегментация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>glioma</kwd><kwd>MRI images</kwd><kwd>neural network model</kwd><kwd>neural network architecture</kwd><kwd>U-net</kwd><kwd>classification</kwd><kwd>segmentation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Epidemiology, risk factors, and prognostic factors of gliomas / A. Pellerino [et al.] // Clinical and Translational Imaging. 2022. Vol. 10. P. 467–475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40336022-00489-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pellerino A., et al. Epidemiology, risk factors, and prognostic factors of gliomas. Clinical and Translational Imaging. 2022;10:467–475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40336-02200489-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malignant Glioma / L. Wang [et al.] // Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2023. Vol. 1405. P. 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23705-8_1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang L., et al. Malignant Glioma. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2023;1405:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23705-8_1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patil P., Giridhar P. Epidemiology and Demography of Brain Tumors // Evidence based practice in Neuro-oncology. Springer, 2021. P. 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-26593_1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patil P., Giridhar P. Epidemiology and Demography of Brain Tumors. In: Evidence based practice in Neuro-oncology. Springer; 2021. P. 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-98116-2659-3_1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pediatric-type low-grade gliomas in adolescents and young adults-challenges and emerging paradigms / J. Bennett [et al.] // Child’s Nervous System. 2024. P. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-024-06449-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bennett J., et al. Pediatric-type low-grade gliomas in adolescents and young adultschallenges and emerging paradigms. Child’s Nervous System. 2024. P. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-024-06449-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Improved Glioma Grading Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks / S. Gutta, J. Acharya, M. S. Shiroishi, D. Hwang, K. S. Nayak // AJNR. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2021. N 42(2). P. 233–239. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6882</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gutta S., Acharya J., Shiroishi M.S., Hwang D., Nayak K.S. Improved Glioma Grading Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks. AJNR. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 20214;(42):233–239. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6882</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шевченко Т. А. Современные проблемы лечения глиом головного мозга высокой степени злокачественности // Вестник Российского научного центра рентгенорадиологии Минздрава России. 2021. № 3. С. 10–12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shevchenko T.A. Modern problems of treatment of gliomas of the brain of a high degree of malignancy. Vestnik Rossiiskogo nauchnogo tsentra rentgenoradiologii Minzdrava Rossii = Bulletin of the Russian Scientific Center for X-ray Radiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 2021;(3):10–12. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">CBTRUS Statistical Report: American Brain Tumor Association &amp; NCI Neuro-Oncology Branch Adolescent and Young Adult Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2016-2020 / M. Price [et al.] // Neuro-Oncology. 2024. N 26. P. 1–53. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noae047</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Price M., et. al. CBTRUS Statistical Report: American Brain Tumor Association &amp; NCI Neuro-Oncology Branch Adolescent and Young Adult Primary Brain and Other Central Nerv-ous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2016–2020. Neuro-Oncology. 2024:(26):1–53. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noae047</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jin Y., Peng H., Peng J. Brain glioma localization diagnosis based on MRI // World neurosurgery. 2021. N 149. P. 325–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2020.09.113</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jin Y., Peng H., Peng J. Brain glioma localization diagnosis based on MRI. World Neurosurgery. 2021;(149):325–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2020.09.113</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алгоритмы мониторинга эффективности терапевтических и реабилитационных процедур по показателям клинического анализа крови в системе поддержки принятия врачебных решений / А. В. Бутусов, А. В. Киселев, Е. В. Петрунина [и др.] // Известия Юго-Западного государственного университета. Серия: Управление, вычислительная техника, информатика. Медицинское приборостроение. 2023. Т. 13, № 1. С. 170–190. https://doi.org/10.21869/2223-1536-2023-13-1-170-190</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Butusov A.V., Kiselev A.V., Petrunina E.V., et al. Algorithms for monitoring the effectiveness of therapeutic and rehabilitation procedures based on indicators of clinical blood analysis in the medical decision support system. Izvestiya Yugo-Zapadnogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Upravlenie, vychislitel’naya tekhnika, informatika. Meditsinskoe priborostroenie = Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: Control, Computer Engineering, Information Science. Medical Instruments Engineering. 2023;13(1):170–190. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21869/2223-1536-2023-13-1-170-190</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Томакова Р. А., Дзюбин И. А., Брежнев А. В. Метод и алгоритм обучения сверточной нейронной сети, предназначенной для интеллектуальной системы распознавания меланомы // Известия Юго-Западного государственного университета. Серия: Управление, вычислительная техника, информатика. Медицинское приборостроение. 2022. Т. 12, № 1. С. 65–83. https://doi.org/10.21869/2223-1536-2022-12-1-65-83</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">net…  10. Tomakova R.A., Dzyubin I.A., Brezhnev A.V. Method and algorithm of training a convolutional neural network designed for an intelligent system of melanoma cognition. Izvestiya Yugo-Zapadnogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Upravlenie, vychislitel’naya tekhnika, informatika. Meditsinskoe priborostroenie = Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: Control, Computer Engineering, Information Science. Medical Instruments Engineering. 2022;12(1):65–83 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21869/2223-15362022-12-1-65-83</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Automated glioma grading on conventional MRI images using deep convolutional neural networks / Y. Zhuge [et al.] // Medical Physics. 2020. N 47 (7). P. 3044–3053. https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.14168</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhuge Y., et. al. Automated glioma grading on conventional MRI images using deep convolu-tional neural networks. Medical Physics. 2020; (47):3044–3053. https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.14168</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anaraki A. K., Ayati M., Kazemi F. Magnetic resonance imaging-based brain tumor grades classification and grading via convolutional neural networks and genetic algorithms // Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering. 2019. N 39. P. 63–74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anaraki A.K., Ayati M., Kazemi F. Magnetic resonance imaging-based brain tumor grades classification and grading via convolutional neural networks and genetic algorithms // Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering. 2019;39:63–74.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Intelligent Glioma Grading Based on Deep Transfer Learning of MRI Radiomic Features / C. M. Lo [et al.] // Applied Sciences. 2019. N 9 (22). P. 4926. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9224926</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lo C. M., et al. Intelligent Glioma Grading Based on Deep Transfer Learning of MRI Radiomic Features. Applied Sciences. 2019; (9):4926. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9224926</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Medical Image Segmentation Review: The Success of U-Net / R. Azad [et. al.] // IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 2024. P. 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2024.3435571</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Azad R., et al. Medical Image Segmentation Review: The Success of U-Net. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 2024. P. 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2024.3435571</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pan J. Image Segmentation Based On U-Net and Adjusted U-Nets // Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology. 2024. N 85. P. 316–327. https://doi.org/10.54097/accm2w81</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pan J. Image Segmentation Based On U-Net and Adjusted U-Nets. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology. 2024;85:316–327. https://doi.org/10.54097/accm2w81</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bangul K., Hajira F., Ayatullah Q. Drawbacks of Artificial Intelligence and Their Potential Solutions in the Healthcare Sector // Biomed Mater &amp; Devices. 2023. Vol. 1. P. 731– 738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44174-023-00063-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bangul K., Hajira F., Ayatullah Q. Drawbacks of Artificial Intelligence and Their Potential Solutions in the Healthcare Sector. Biomed Mater &amp; Devices. 2023;1:731–738. 10.1007/s44174-023-00063-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">TransDeepLab: Convolution-Free Transformer-Based DeepLab v3+ for Medical Image Segmentation / R. Azad [et al.] // Predictive Intelligence in Medicine: 5th International Workshop, PRIME 2022, Held in Conjunction with MICCAI 2022. Singapore: Springer, 2022. P. 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16919-9_9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Azad R., et al. TransDeepLab: Convolution-Free Transformer-Based DeepLab v3+ for Medical Image Segmentation. In: Predictive Intelligence in Medicine: 5th International Workshop, PRIME 2022, Held in Conjunction with MICCAI 2022. Singapore: Springer, 2022. P. 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16919-9_9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The PRISM semantic cohort builder: a novel tool to search and access clinical data in TCIA imaging collections / J. Bona [et al.] // Physics in Medicine &amp; Biology. 2022. N 68 (1). P. 014003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac9d1d</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bona J., et al. The PRISM semantic cohort builder: a novel tool to search and access clinical data in TCIA imaging collections. Physics in Medicine &amp; Biology. 2022; (68):014003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac9d1d</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Increasing the Versatility of Leaky ReLU Using a Nonlinear Function / P. Bedi [et al.] // Advanced Machine Intelligence and Signal Processing. Springer, 2022. P. 433–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0840-8_32</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bedi P., et al. Increasing the Versatility of Leaky ReLU Using a Nonlinear Function. In: Advanced Machine Intelligence and Signal Processing. Springer; 2022. P. 433–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0840-8_32</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Segmentation and Estimation of Fetal Biometric Parameters using an Attention Gate Double U-Net with Guided Decoder Architecture / S. Degala [et al.] // Computers in Biology and Medicine. 2024. N 180. P. 109000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109000</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Degala S., et. al. Segmentation and Estimation of Fetal Biometric Parameters using an Attention Gate Double U-Net with Guided Decoder Architecture. Computers in Biology and Medicine. 2024;(180). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109000</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Киселев А. В., Брусенцев Н. С., Кулешова Е. А. Анализ эффективности применения двухэтапных нейросетевых моделей для раннего обнаружения лесных пожаров // Известия Юго-Западного государственного университета. Серия: Управление, вычислительная техника, информатика. Медицинское приборостроение. 2024. Т. 14, № 1. С. 8–23. https://doi.org/10.21869/2223-1536-2024-14-1-8-23</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kiselev A.V., Brusentsev N.S., Kuleshova E.A. Analysis of the effectiveness of using two-stage neural network models for early detection of forest fires. Izvestiya Yugo-Zapadnogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Upravlenie, vychislitel’naya tekhnika, informatika. Meditsinskoe priborostroenie = Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: Control, Computer Engineering, Information Science. Medical Instruments Engineering. 2024;14(1):8–23. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21869/2223-1536-2024-14-1-8-23</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stodt J., Reich C., Clarke N. Unified Intersection Over Union for Explainable Artificial Intelligence // Intelligent Systems and Applications: Proceedings of the 2023 Intelligent Systems Conference (IntelliSys). Springer, 2024. P. 758–770. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3031-47724-9_50</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stodt J., Reich C., Clarke N. Unified Intersection Over Union for Explainable Artificial Intelligence. In: Intelligent Systems and Applications: Proceedings of the 2023 Intelligent Systems Conference (IntelliSys). Springer; 2024. P. 758–770. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47724-9_50</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
